Endoscopic techniques

A valuable tool in the discovery of NETs¹

Endoscopy is particularly useful for detecting NETs in the stomach, duodenum, and rectum.1
Depending on the location of the suspected NET, there are a number of endoscopic techniques that may allow visualization of GI lesions.2-5 Many endoscopic procedures require sedation3 and specialized training.4

• Flexible endoscopes can be used to view both the upper and lower GI tracts from the pharynx to the upper duodenum and beyond, and from the anus to the terminal ileum3
• Double-balloon enteroscopy is a procedure in which a latex balloon is affixed to the distal ends of both endoscope and overtube. Coordinated inflation and deflation of the balloon(s) aids in the advancement of the endoscope deep into the small intestine5
• Capsule endoscopy (also called video capsule endoscopy) is an imaging technique in which the patient swallows a small, pill-shaped capsule that transmits video images as it travels through the GI tract. The capsule can also be inserted using an endoscope in patients who have difficulty swallowing4

Endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound is a relatively noninvasive procedure that may be useful in the localization and diagnosis of pancreatic NETs.6,7 By utilizing transmural visualization, EUS can localize small tumors, such as those in the pancreatic head or duodenal wall.6-8 When used in combination with fine-needle aspiration, EUS is particularly useful in distinguishing pancreatic NETs from adenocarcinomas, and also to localize tumors not imaged with conventional studies.9 In addition, the detection of lymph node enlargement during EUS may aid in staging.8

EUS requires specialist training and may not be available at all facilities.8